Ranking Countries by English Skills

Ranking Countries by English Skills – This edition of the EF EPI is based on test data from more than 2,200,000 test takers around the world who took the EF Standard English Test (EF SET) or one of our English placement tests in 2019.

Ranking Countries by English Skills

More than a billion people speak English as a first or second language, and hundreds of millions more as a third or fourth. For expanding businesses, young graduates, scientists and researchers, and international tourists, English proficiency broadens horizons, lowers barriers, and speeds information exchange. The incentives to learn English have never been greater.

And yet, the demand for English proficiency far outpaces supply. Education systems founded in response to the first industrial revolution have yet to adapt to the demands of the fourth. A front-loaded culture of learning leaves adults little time to reskill. The growth of the gig economy asks people to transition quickly from declining to emerging opportunities.

We often see English proficiency presented as a competitive advantage, but our analysis suggests that it is equally significant for the connections it enables. These connections may help individuals find better jobs or
start their own businesses, but they are also intrinsically valuable. Connection is one of the defining characteristics of the global citizen—curiosity, contact, and a sense of shared responsibility beyond one’s own borders—and speaking English today is all about connection.

This report investigates how and where English proficiency is developing around the world. To create the 2020 edition of the EF English Proficiency Index, we have analyzed the results of 2.2 million adults who took our English tests in 2019.

Europe has the highest English proficiency of any region by a wide margin—even more so if only EU and Schengen Area countries are included in the regional average. This success reflects decades of effort by national education ministries and the EU itself to promote multilingualism. Fast and easy communication strengthens ties between Europeans, as does student exchange, travel, and transnational work. Even as growing nationalism challenges the EU project, the opposing forces of European cohesion appear robust.

Learn more about this topic by reading on EF.

After reading “Ranking Countries by English Skills” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do

PDF #165 – Simon Borg – Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do

This paper reviews a selection of research from the field of foreign and second language teaching into what is referred to here as teacher cognition – what teachers think, know, and believe and the relationships of these mental constructs to what teachers do in the language teaching classroom.

After reading “Learning an L2 in a troubled world” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

8 amazing companies that let you teach English online

english as a second language teaching

To be honest, I LOVE teaching English online.

Sure, there are some small challenges with working from home.

There are the occasional feelings of loneliness and I may never wear non-stretchy pants again (OK, that part I’m good with!).

But the downsides are easy to overcome. Teaching online is beyond worth it!

Want to know the best part?

Flexibility! Which means more time for myself.

Learn more about this topic by reading on TeachAway.

After reading “Learning an L2 in a troubled world” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

The generative grammar of the immune system

PDF #164 – The generative grammar of the immune system

Grammar is a science that is more than 2000 years old, whereas immunology has become a respectable part of biology only during the past hundred years. Though both sciences still face exasperating problems, this lecture attempts to establish an analogy between linguistics and immunology, between the descriptions of language and of the immune system. Let me first recall some of the essential elements of the immune system, with which I shall be concerned.

ESL Activities

This website brings ideas for activities and games in the English language classroom. Ideas for activities that you can adapt and use at different levels. Imperatives used for instructions; vocabulary for food and cooking; adverbs of sequence; practices for vocabulary building. 

ESL Activities

he games contained in this section will also provide you with a great source of ideas for your classes. These tried and tested games provide practice in reading, writing, listening and speaking. The games are also categorized to help you easily find the type of game you are looking for. There are games for young learners, teenagers and adults. Each game comes with full teacher’s notes and most of the games take very little preparation and are easy to set up and play.

The games can be used to introduce new vocabulary, reinforce a language point, practice words or language structures, teach or practice grammar and improve core skills. You can also use these games to warm up the class when the lesson begins, during the lesson to re-energize the class or at the end of class to finish on a positive note and round off the lesson.

Using games and fun activities in class is an important part of teaching ESL. Playing games is a fun way to help students make connections between words and grammar. These connections quicken the process of building language skills. These ESL games can help both native and foreign speakers of English improve their language ability. Playing games in class also helps to focus attention, improve interaction, increase energy levels and build confidence. Furthermore, shy or quiet students begin to open up and speak English when playing games in class. We are sure you will find our games section a useful tool in improving your students’ English language ability.

Learn more about this topic by reading on EnglishClub.

After reading “ESL Activities” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

Phonology in Generative Grammar

PDF #163 – Phonology in Generative Grammar

Phonology in Generative Grammar

A generative grammar is formally a collection of statements, rules or
axioms which describe, define or generate all well-formed utterances in a language and only those. The theory of generative grammars consists of a set of abstract conditions which determine the form of the statements admitted in such grammars and which govern the choice among alternative descriptions of a given body of data.

This is the most comprehensive and current introduction to phonological theory and analysis. Presupposing only minimal background in linguistics, the book introduces the basic concepts and principles of phonological analysis and then systematically develops the major innovations in the generative model since Chomsky and Halle’s Sound Patterns of English (1968).

Careful study of the text will enable the student to read the current scholarly literature with critical understanding and some perspective. Some unique features of the book include a set of exercises reinforcing the basic concepts and principles, illustrations from a variety of languages based on published and unpublished materials, a survey of all the major lines of research in phonological theory, and an extensive bibliography. Phonology in Generative Grammar is supported by an instructor’s manual.

After reading “Phonology in Generative Grammar” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

Teaching HEL in ESL Classroom

PDF #162 – Gustavo Rubino Ernesto – Teaching HEL in ESL Classroom 

Teaching HEL in ESL Classroom

The main point of this paper is to present a stimulating approach of HEL to ESL students. One major issue in an English as a Second Language (ESL) course that a teacher confront its students with the diversity of English around the globe. Many students already know that English is spoken in many countries but how it came to happen, and its differences are unknown territory to most of them. This paper highlights the most important aspects that should be tackled by students and ESL teachers when facing World Englishes.

In this paper Teaching HEL in ESL Classroom I argue that in order to explain World Englishes teachers need to elucidate the history of the English language and its many changes. Many students lack the knowledge of German and/or Latin to start a HEL course with Old English and because of that many authors suggest that Late Modern English as a more realistic and practical starting point.

Linguistic terms are not very often easy to be taught to those who are not interest in it, but some basic linguistic aspects such as phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax and semantics need to be explained before addressing the History of the English Language (HEL) but with limited coverage. The course should engage students on the ethical stakes involved in the spread of English, both historically and contemporarily. It should also organize HEL at the same time around a textual tradition chronology. Covering the main points in its history, social and cultural influences, pressures from other languages, internal and external history, synchrony and diachrony, content and structure, conscious and unconscious variations, stability and instability, language difference and identity.

You can check my video on this subject on YouTube.

ESL Activities for Engaging Classes

Essential ESL Activities that are Fun, Relevant and Engaging

ESL Activities for Engaging Classes

ESL Activities for Engaging Classes – Fun, relevant and engaging ESL activities are the nitrous of every successful lesson. Through hundreds of successful ESL classes, we know what does and does NOT work.

ESL exercises are a controlled way to practice a particular language aspect. Instead ESL activities engage in discussion and communication focused on a goal.

For example, you can cut our ESL discussion topics into bite-size papers and have them communicate in pairs. And this is just 1 of 17 ideas waiting for you to build these ESL activities into your classes and to perfection.

These ESL activities give students a chance to use what they have been studying and make it ‘theirs,’ so they can draw on it when needed in their lives. They provide a variety of guided and more independent practice.

Most of these activities can be adapted to many different lessons.

Several are especially useful as icebreakers or warm-ups. Others provide a break or a quick review when there’s a little time left near the end of class. Some emphasize listening or speaking; others reading, writing, or vocabulary.

Icebreakers help classmates get acquainted at the start of a new class.

Warm-ups are good at the start of a lesson, especially if not all students arrive on time. They can review the previous day’s lesson or help students switch their thinking to English.

It’s also very helpful to have a few quick activities in your toolkit for when students get bored or discouraged.

Learn more about this topic by reading on AllESL.

After reading “ESL Activities for Engaging Classes” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

Semantics in Generative Grammar

PDF #161 – Angelika Kratzer – Semantics in Generative Grammar 

Semantics in Generative Grammar

Semantics in Generative Grammar – In many languages, verbs are inflected. In all languages, verbs bring along at least some inflectional heads, lexical items bearing inflectional meanings: e.g. agreement, voice, aspect, tense, negation, mood, question markers, and evidential. Whether inflectional heads are literally attached to a verb or not is an issue that is of interest for morphology or phonology, but it is not likely to be relevant at all for syntax or semantics. In semantics, we are interested in the compositional aspects of meaning.

The inflectional items we care about, then, are those that make a compositional meaning contribution. In our introductory book, Irene and I only talk about the meanings of bare verbs. We neglect all contributions of inflectional items. In LING 620, you will look at the semantics of at least tense and mood, and possibly also at the semantics of aspect and questions.

The guiding idea about verb denotations we fleshed out in our book is one that we inherited from logic: the meaning of a (bare, inflectionless) intransitive verb like dance determines who the actual dancers are. The denotation of dance, then, is the set of individuals who dance. Adapting this kind of denotation to the demands of Frege’s Conjecture, we construed the denotation of dance as the characteristic function of the set of individuals who dance. But wait. Who are the individuals who dance? Those who are dancing right now? Those who
have just finished dancing? Those who have danced in the past? Those who dance habitually? The professional dancers? Or those who are able to dance? It’s much easier to swallow that the common noun goat might pick out the set of actual goats, or that the adjective plastic might pick out the set of actual things that are plastic.

After reading “Semantics in Generative Grammar” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.

Top ESL Activities and Games

Top ESL Activities and Games – ESL teaching online isn’t difficult if you have a variety of interesting, engaging and student-centred activities as your fingertips. Keep on reading for the top ones to choose from to get started with teaching ESL online.

Top ESL Activities and Games

Or, you may want to check this out too: How to teach English online. If you’re looking for a job, have a look here: Best Online Teaching Jobs for English Teachers.

Who doesn’t need some fun, interesting activities and games for their English classes right? This is the ultimate list that you’re going to need to check out. Keep on reading for 50 of the best ESL activities to make your classes even more awesome.

If you’re looking for ESL activities, you’ve most certainly come to the right place! I’m going to share with you my top 50 ESL activities that cover a range of skills and situations-warm-ups + icebreakers, reading activities, writing activities, speaking activities and listening activities. Most of the activities work great for both children, as well as adults.

One of my favourite ESL activities is ESL surveys. I’m sure my students could tell you this-I use them in almost every one of my classes at least once a month. ESL surveys are so good because they cover all 4-skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) and they also get students up and out of their seats talking to their classmates. They are perfect for sleepy classes on Monday morning, or Friday afternoon!

Another thing ESL surveys are great at doing is encouraging students to ask follow-up questions. It’s often the teacher who asks the student a question, then a follow-up question, then another. But, this is one of the best ESL activities for getting students doing this with each other!

Learn more about this topic by reading on ESLActivity.

After reading “Top ESL Activities and Games” you can check important issues for ESL teachers on the section PDFs, and visit my YouTube channel.